A nested‐PCR method for rapid detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on petals of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

This study established a quick and accurate method to detect petal infection of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using a nested‐PCR technique. DNA samples were extracted from each petal using a microwave method, followed by two rounds of PCR amplification. The first‐round PCR amplification was performed using the universal fungal primer pair ITS4/ITS5, and the second‐round amplification with a specific primer pair XJJ21/XJJ222, which was designed using the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms among nuclear rDNA ITS sequences of Sclerotinia spp., Botrytis spp. and other selected fungi. The established technique is rapid and inexpensive, and has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. This assay can distinguish Sclerotinia spp. from other fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, a closely related and frequent cohabitant on oilseed rape petals, and can detect 50 fg genomic DNA, five ascospores of S. sclerotiorumin vitro or 50 ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on one petal in approximately 6 h, even in the presence of a high background of oilseed rape DNA. This technique was successfully applied in detecting natural petal infections.     

不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其成因分析

采用盆栽试验，以氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下籽粒产量的比值作为氮效率系数，探讨了不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础。结果表明，所测定的8个油菜品种氮效率系数的变化范围是0．37～0．69；氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下不同油菜品种植株氮素累积吸收量、生长后期茎叶氮素转运率及氮素生理效率的比值不同，氮效率高的品种，其比值高，反之亦然;在氮素供应水平低的情况下，氮效率高的品种具有较长的根长、较多的侧根、较高的茎叶硝态氮再利用量和叶片硝酸还原酶活性。     

Root growth and N‐uptake activity of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars differing in nitrogen efficiency

Nitrate‐N uptake from soil depends on root growth and uptake activity. However, under field conditions N‐uptake activity is difficult to estimate from soil‐N depletion due to different loss pathways. We modified the current mesh‐bag method to estimate nitrate‐N‐uptake activity and root growth of two oilseed‐rape cultivars differing in N‐uptake efficiency. N‐efficient cultivar (cv.) ‘Apex' and N‐inefficient cv. ‘Capitol' were grown in a field experiment on a silty clayey gleyic fluvisol near Göttingen, northern Germany, and fertilized with 0 (N₀) and 227 (N₂₂₇) kg N ha^–1. In February 2002, PVC tubes with a diameter of 50 mm were installed between plant rows at 0–0.3 and 0–0.6 m soil depth with an angle of 45°. At the beginning of shooting, beginning of flowering, and at seed filling, the PVC tubes were substituted by PVC tubes (compartments) of the same diameter, but with an open window at the upper side either at a soil depth of 0–0.3 or 0.3–0.6 m allowing roots to grow into the tubes. Anion‐exchange resin at the bottom of the compartment allowed estimation of nitrate leaching. The compartments were then filled with root‐free soil which was amended with or without 90 mg N (kg soil)^–1. The newly developed roots and nitrate‐N depletion were estimated in the compartments after the installing period (21 d at shooting stage and 16 d both at flowering and grain‐filling stages). Nitrate‐N depletion was estimated from the difference between NO ‐N contents of compartments containing roots and control compartments (windows closed with a membrane) containing no roots. The amount of nitrate leached from the compartments was quantified from the resin and has been taken into consideration in the calculation of the N depletion. The amount of N depleted from the compartments significantly correlated with root‐length density. Suboptimal N application to the crop reduced total biomass and seed‐yield formation substantially (24% and 38% for ‘Apex’ and ‘Capitol’, respectively). At the shooting stage, there were no differences in root production and N depletion from the compartments by the two cultivars between N₀ and N₂₂₇. But at flowering and seed‐filling stages, higher root production and accordingly higher N depletion was observed at N₀ compared to N₂₂₇. Towards later growth stages, the newly developed roots were characterized by a reduction of root diameter and a shift towards the deeper soil layer (0.3–0.6m). At low but not at high N supply, the N‐efficient cv. ‘Apex’ exhibited higher root growth and accordingly depleted nitrate‐N more effectively than the N‐inefficient cv. ‘Capitol’, especially during the reproductive growth phase. The calculated nitrate‐N‐uptake rate per unit root length was maximal at flowering (for the low N supply) but showed no difference between the two cultivars. This indicated that the higher N‐uptake efficiency of cv. ‘Apex’ was due to higher root growth rather than higher uptake per unit of root length.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenzbedingungen auf die Entwicklung der Bestandesstruktur von Sommerraps

Investigations on the effect of competition on stand structure of spring oilseed rape
On the basis of a field experiment with spring oilseed rape, frequency distributions of plant dry matter and plant height were investigated. Samples were taken at four developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering, ripeness (harvest). To understand the effect of competition in a plant population on frequency distribution, distance of rows (16 cm, 32 cm) and number of plants (60, 90 and 120 plants/m²) were varied. Differences in frequency distribution were estimated by skewness and kurtosis.
The results show that with age of the plant population the skewness of the plant character dry matter decreases from a high positive value till ripeness to a low positive value; kurtosis also decreases during development and tends to a value of 0 at ripeness. The effect of competition as produced by number of plants for area is mirrored by a positive skewness increasing with increasing number of plants per area. The value for kurtosis also increases with the stronger competition as consequence of plant density. Row distance did not show specific effects of frequency distribution. Plant height did, generally speaking, not react to competition.     

不同时期摘薹对黔油29号产量及效益的影响

双低油菜菜薹食味好,品质佳,采用油蔬两用栽培是提高油菜生产综合效益的途径之一。试验对黔油29号进行不同时期摘薹对油菜产量及综合效益的影响研究。结果表明:当油菜薹高达15～21cm时摘薹10～16cm,其综合生产效益最高。甘蓝型双低油菜油蔬两用栽培有良好的增收效果,可在贵州省适宜地区示范推广。     

适宜“油蔬两用”的油菜品种筛选

为筛选出适宜湖北地区应用推广的"油蔬两用"油菜品种,对9个"双低"甘蓝型油菜品种摘薹与未摘薹的产量、产值及主要性状进行了比较分析。结果表明,油菜摘薹后菜子产量比未摘薹平均增12.52%,总产值比未摘薹平均增124.08%,初步分析油菜摘薹后二次分枝及每角粒数普遍增加是菜子产量增加的主要原因。供试品种中,中油112菜薹、菜子产量高,菜薹口感甜脆爽口,可作为高产型"油蔬两用"品种推广应用;天下农3号菜薹产量及总产值高,浙油28菜薹口感及主要经济性状表现突出,菜子增产潜力大,二者可以作为"油蔬两用"配套品种。     

施氮量对迟播油菜生长及氮素吸收的影响(英文)

[目的]分析氮肥对不同冬油菜品种越冬期营养生长和氮素吸收的影响。[方法]连续两年(2009-2011)田间试验,以早熟品种中油116和中晚熟品种中油杂12号为材料,设5种氮肥用量(0,90,180,270,360kg/hm2)。在越冬期对油菜干重,根系和地上部氮含量及比例,叶片硝酸还原酶活性进行测定,并对籽粒产量进行考查。[结果]中油116在施氮量从0增加到180kg/hm2时,地上部干重迅速增加;而在施氮量从180kg/hm2增加到360kg/hm2时,地上部干重缓慢增加。中油杂12号的地上部干重随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,在270kg/hm2时达到最大值。当施氮量从90kg/hm2到180kg/hm2时,地上部和根中的氮含量及比例均迅速增加,并且中油杂12号根中的氮含量及比例高于中油116。两个品种的硝酸还原酶活性在施氮量从90kg/hm2到180kg/hm2时增加最为明显。[结论]合理施用氮肥能够显著增加不同熟期油菜品种越冬期的干重及氮素吸收,并提高油菜产量。     

甲基茉莉酸和草酸诱导油菜BN10基因的表达

利用实时荧光定量PCR方法,观察油菜BN10基因在根、茎、叶中的表达差异,并分析甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)和草酸(OA)对该基因的诱导表达的动态变化。结果表明:BN10基因在油菜根、茎、叶中均能表达,其中在根中的表达量最高,茎中的表达量次之,在叶中的表达量最低,且在抗病毒品种苏油1号中的表达量高于感病品种中双9号;BN10的表达受MeJA和OA的诱导影响。MeJA诱导处理感病品种中双9号叶片后,BN10基因表达先升后降,在24h时表达量最高,为诱导前的2.58倍,之后有所下降,但诱导后的表达量始终高于诱导前,72h时的表达量仍为诱导前的1.13倍;OA诱导处理中双9号后,BN10表达量也是先增加后降低,在12h时达到最大值,为诱导前的2.5倍,72h时下降至最低,仅为诱导前的25%。MeJA诱导处理抗病品种苏油1号后,BN10的表达趋势与中双9号相似,但各时间点的表达量均高于中双9号;OA诱导处理苏油1号后,对BN10的诱导更强烈,表达量在6h时即达到峰值,为诱导处理前的3.05倍,之后逐渐下降。     

Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标影响的研究

在石英砂和Hoagland营养液培养条件下,用浓度为0、10、20和40mmol/L的88Sr2+(88SrC l2)处理油菜幼苗(Brassica napus L.)(三叶期到六叶期),动态研究Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标的影响,以及Sr2+积累量和富集能力的变化。结果表明,油菜幼苗对Sr2+表现出高富集能力,富集能力依次为:叶茎根,Sr2+浓度越高,富集能力越低。与对照相比,Sr2+胁迫下的油菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Sr2+浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长呈先上升后下降趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则随富集Sr2+能力的提高而降低。因此得出结论,油菜幼苗对Sr胁迫具有较高的耐受能力和富集能力;叶片是最主要的富集器官;富集能力与POD,CAT活性显著负相关。